Introduction
A conclusion is a judgment that follows directly and definitely from the given statement — not
a "probably true" inference, and not something requiring outside/general knowledge.
Rules for a Valid Conclusion
- It must be drawn ONLY from the given statement — never from personal opinion or outside facts.
- It must be certain, not merely likely or possible.
- It cannot introduce new information not implied by the statement.
- If a conclusion contradicts the statement, or restates it word-for-word, it does not count as a valid conclusion.
Q. Statement: "All the employees who joined after 2020 must complete the new training module before December."
Conclusion I: Some employees who joined before 2020 have already completed the training.
Conclusion II: Employees who joined after 2020 and skip the training will not meet the requirement.
Conclusion I introduces information about pre-2020 employees not addressed in the statement at all → does not
follow. Conclusion II is a direct logical consequence: if the training is mandatory before December for
post-2020 joiners, skipping it means the requirement isn't met → follows directly.
Answer: Only Conclusion II follows.
⚠️ Key Insight: A conclusion that sounds "reasonable" or "likely true in general" is still
wrong if it isn't a certain, direct consequence of the exact statement given — resist the urge to use real-world
common sense here.
💡 Exam Tip: Statement & Conclusion follows the exact same "test every possibility" logic as
Syllogism — if you can imagine even one scenario where the statement is true but the conclusion is false, the
conclusion does not follow.
✅ Practice Focus: Separating certain conclusions from merely probable ones · Rejecting
conclusions with new/unstated information · Applying the "does it always hold" test consistently.