🏦 IBPS / SBI / RBI Preparation

Free Banking Chapter-Wise Notes

Complete notes for IBPS PO, SBI PO, RBI Grade B β€” Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning, English, General Awareness & Computer Knowledge. No PDF, no signup required.

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πŸ”’

Quantitative Aptitude

Arithmetic, Algebra, DI & Advanced Math
20 Chaptersβ–Ό
1
Number System
β–Ό

Key Concepts

  • Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, … | Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …
  • Integers: β€¦βˆ’2, βˆ’1, 0, 1, 2, … | Rational: p/q form (qβ‰ 0)
  • Prime Numbers: Divisible only by 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …)
  • HCF & LCM: HCF Γ— LCM = Product of two numbers
  • Divisibility Rules: 2 (even), 3 (digit sumΓ·3), 9 (digit sumΓ·9), 11 (alternating sum)
πŸ“Œ Every prime > 3 is of the form 6kΒ±1. The only even prime is 2.
2
Simplification & Approximation
β–Ό

BODMAS Rule

  • Brackets β†’ Order (powers/roots) β†’ Division β†’ Multiplication β†’ Addition β†’ Subtraction
  • For approximation: round values to nearest convenient number before solving

Useful Fraction-to-Decimal Conversions

FractionDecimal%
1/40.2525%
1/30.33333.33%
1/80.12512.5%
3/40.7575%
πŸ’‘ In approximation questions, never approximate beyond Β±2% of actual value
3
Percentage
β–Ό

Core Formulas

  • Percentage = (Value / Total) Γ— 100
  • % Change = [(New βˆ’ Old) / Old] Γ— 100
  • Successive % change: A% then B% β†’ Net = A + B + (AB/100)
βœ… If price ↑ by r%, consumption must ↓ by [r/(100+r)]Γ—100 to keep expenditure same
4
Profit & Loss
β–Ό

Key Formulas

  • Profit % = (Profit / CP) Γ— 100 | Loss % = (Loss / CP) Γ— 100
  • SP = CP Γ— (100 + Profit%) / 100 | CP = SP Γ— 100 / (100 + Profit%)
  • Dishonest dealer: Profit% = (Error / True weight βˆ’ Error) Γ— 100
  • Marked Price: Discount % = (MP βˆ’ SP) / MP Γ— 100
πŸ’‘ Two articles sold at same SP: one at X% profit, other at X% loss β†’ always a loss of (XΒ²/100)%
5
Simple & Compound Interest
β–Ό

Formulas

  • SI = P Γ— R Γ— T / 100
  • CI = P Γ— [(1 + R/100)ⁿ βˆ’ 1]
  • CI βˆ’ SI (2 yrs) = P Γ— (R/100)Β²
  • CI βˆ’ SI (3 yrs) = P Γ— (R/100)Β² Γ— (R/100 + 3)
πŸ“Œ Money doubles in SI: T = 100/R years. Doubles in CI: ~70/R years (Rule of 72)
6
Ratio & Proportion
β–Ό

Key Rules

  • If a:b = c:d then ad = bc (cross-multiplication)
  • Componendo: (a+b)/(aβˆ’b) = (c+d)/(cβˆ’d)
  • Duplicate ratio of a:b = aΒ²:bΒ²
  • Sub-duplicate ratio of a:b = √a:√b
βœ… Mean Proportional of a and b = √(ab) | Third Proportional of a,b = bΒ²/a
7
Partnership
β–Ό

Profit Sharing Rule

  • Simple Partnership: Profit ∝ Capital invested (time equal)
  • Compound Partnership: Profit ∝ Capital Γ— Time
  • If A invests β‚ΉP₁ for t₁ months and B invests β‚ΉPβ‚‚ for tβ‚‚ months β†’ ratio = P₁t₁ : Pβ‚‚tβ‚‚
πŸ’‘ Working partner may get a salary/commission before profit is split
8
Average
β–Ό

Formulas

  • Average = Sum of all observations / Number of observations
  • Average of first n natural numbers = (n+1)/2
  • Average of first n even numbers = n+1 | first n odd numbers = n
  • If average of a group increases/decreases by x when a new member joins β†’ use: new sum = new count Γ— new avg
9
Mixture & Alligation
β–Ό

Alligation Rule

  • Ratio of quantities = (Dearer price βˆ’ Mean price) : (Mean price βˆ’ Cheaper price)
  • Used to find: mixing two solutions, average speed, average cost etc.
πŸ“Œ Withdrawal & replacement: Final conc. = C Γ— (1 βˆ’ x/V)ⁿ where x = amount replaced each time, V = total volume, n = times
10
Time & Work
β–Ό

Key Concepts

  • If A completes work in n days β†’ A's 1-day work = 1/n
  • A and B together: 1/A + 1/B = 1/T β†’ T = AB/(A+B)
  • Efficiency method: Assume total work = LCM of days; calculate units/day for each person
βœ… M₁D₁H₁/W₁ = Mβ‚‚Dβ‚‚Hβ‚‚/Wβ‚‚ (work equivalence formula for different persons, days, hours)
11
Pipes & Cisterns
β–Ό

Core Rules

  • Pipe filling tank in x hrs β†’ rate = 1/x per hour (positive)
  • Pipe emptying tank in y hrs β†’ rate = βˆ’1/y per hour (negative)
  • Net rate when both open = 1/x βˆ’ 1/y; time = xy/(yβˆ’x)
πŸ’‘ If leak empties a full tank in L hours and inlet fills in F hours β†’ time to fill with leak = FL/(Lβˆ’F)
12
Time, Speed & Distance
β–Ό

Formulas

  • Speed = Distance / Time | 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s | 1 m/s = 18/5 km/h
  • Average Speed (same distance) = 2xy/(x+y) where x, y are two speeds
  • Relative Speed: Same direction = |Sβ‚βˆ’Sβ‚‚| | Opposite direction = S₁+Sβ‚‚
πŸ“Œ Train crossing a pole: Time = Length/Speed. Train crossing bridge: Time = (Train + Bridge length)/Speed
13
Boats & Streams
β–Ό

Key Terms

  • Downstream speed = Boat speed + Stream speed (u+v)
  • Upstream speed = Boat speed βˆ’ Stream speed (uβˆ’v)
  • Boat speed = (Downstream + Upstream) / 2
  • Stream speed = (Downstream βˆ’ Upstream) / 2
14
Linear & Quadratic Equations
β–Ό

Quadratic β€” axΒ² + bx + c = 0

  • Roots: x = [βˆ’b Β± √(bΒ²βˆ’4ac)] / 2a
  • Sum of roots = βˆ’b/a | Product of roots = c/a
  • Discriminant D = bΒ²βˆ’4ac: D>0 (real distinct), D=0 (equal), D<0 (imaginary)

Inequalities

  • Multiplying/dividing by negative flips the inequality sign
  • For quadratic inequality, find roots then test intervals
15
Data Interpretation β€” Table & Bar Graph
β–Ό

Strategy

  • Read all column/row headings before solving any question
  • Identify the unit (β‚Ή crore, thousands, %) upfront
  • For Bar Graphs: compare bar heights visually before calculating
  • Missing DI: find the missing value using given total or ratio
πŸ“Œ Types: Table DI, Bar Graph, Line Graph, Pie Chart, Caselet DI, Missing DI β€” each requires 5–6 questions in mains exam
16
Data Interpretation β€” Pie Chart & Line Graph
β–Ό

Pie Chart

  • Total = 360Β° or 100%
  • Value of a sector = (Angle/360) Γ— Total or (% / 100) Γ— Total

Caselet DI

  • Data given in paragraph form β€” extract and tabulate before solving
  • Watch for keywords: "remaining", "rest", "twice as many as", "ratio of"
17
Permutation & Combination
β–Ό

Formulas

  • nPr = n! / (nβˆ’r)! | nCr = n! / [r!(nβˆ’r)!]
  • Permutation = arrangement (order matters) | Combination = selection (order does not matter)
  • Circular arrangement of n objects = (nβˆ’1)!
βœ… nCr = nC(n-r) | nC0 = nCn = 1 | nC1 = n
18
Probability
β–Ό

Key Formulas

  • P(E) = Favourable outcomes / Total outcomes; 0 ≀ P(E) ≀ 1
  • P(AβˆͺB) = P(A) + P(B) βˆ’ P(A∩B)
  • P(A') = 1 βˆ’ P(A)
  • For independent events: P(A∩B) = P(A) Γ— P(B)
19
Mensuration (2D & 3D)
β–Ό

2D Shapes

ShapeAreaPerimeter
CircleΟ€rΒ²2Ο€r
TriangleΒ½ Γ— base Γ— heighta+b+c
Rectanglel Γ— b2(l+b)
TrapeziumΒ½(a+b)Γ—ha+b+c+d

3D Shapes

ShapeVolumeCSA
CylinderΟ€rΒ²h2Ο€rh
Coneβ…“Ο€rΒ²hΟ€rl
Sphere4/3Ο€rΒ³4Ο€rΒ²
20
Data Sufficiency
β–Ό

Approach

  • Do NOT solve the problem completely β€” just check if data is sufficient
  • Check Statement I alone β†’ Statement II alone β†’ Both together
  • If both give unique answer β†’ "Either alone is sufficient"
  • If neither gives unique answer β†’ "Data insufficient"
πŸ’‘ Common traps: assuming values not stated, confusing "cannot determine" with "data insufficient"
🧠

Reasoning Ability

Puzzles, Logical & Analytical Reasoning
14 Chaptersβ–Ό
1
Linear & Circular Seating Arrangement
β–Ό

Types

  • Linear (single row): All face North OR all face South
  • Linear (two rows): Two groups facing each other
  • Circular: All face center OR all face outward OR mixed

Strategy

  • Draw arrangement immediately; start with the person having the most clues
  • Use definite clues before conditional ones
  • In circular (facing center): "A right of B" = A is clockwise from B
πŸͺ‘ In linear facing North: your left = West, your right = East
2
Square / Rectangular Arrangement
β–Ό

Key Points

  • Corner persons have neighbors on two sides only
  • Side (non-corner) persons face the center differently from corner ones
  • Always label corners and sides before placing persons
3
Floor-based & Box-based Puzzles
β–Ό

Floor Puzzle

  • Fix topmost and bottommost floors first using definite clues
  • Track "above" / "below" / "immediately above/below" separately

Box Puzzle

  • Usually 6–8 boxes stacked; similar strategy to floors
  • Assign row numbers (1 = top or bottom β€” check problem statement)
4
Scheduling Puzzle
β–Ό

Approach

  • Create a grid: Persons Γ— Days/Months/Slots
  • Fix definite assignments first, then eliminate possibilities
  • Watch for "not on the same day" and "consecutive" clues
5
Syllogism
β–Ό

Basic Rules (Venn Diagram Method)

  • All A are B + All B are C β†’ All A are C βœ…
  • All A are B + Some B are C β†’ Some A are C ❌ (not definite)
  • No A are B + All B are C β†’ No A are C βœ…
  • Some A are B + Some B are C β†’ No definite conclusion ❌

New Pattern

  • "Definitely" = must be true in ALL Venn diagram cases
  • "Possibility" = true in at least ONE Venn diagram case
βœ… Either-or: both conclusions individually wrong but together exhaustive β†’ "Either I or II follows"
6
Coding-Decoding
β–Ό

Types

  • Letter coding: Each letter shifted by fixed number (Aβ†’D means +3)
  • Number coding: Words assigned number values; find the pattern
  • New pattern: Random symbol coding β€” match given pairs to decode new word
πŸ“Œ Always write the alphabet with position numbers (A=1, B=2 … Z=26) for quick reference
7
Blood Relations
β–Ό

Strategy

  • Draw a family tree immediately β€” top = older generation
  • Use M (Male) / F (Female) labels for each person
  • Identify the reference person in every question
πŸ’‘ "Son of my father's only daughter" = my own son
8
Direction Sense
β–Ό

Key Tips

  • Always draw a map: fix starting point, mark North up
  • After turning right: Nβ†’Eβ†’Sβ†’Wβ†’N (clockwise)
  • After turning left: Nβ†’Wβ†’Sβ†’Eβ†’N (anticlockwise)
  • Final distance = use Pythagoras theorem for displacement
9
Order & Ranking + Inequality
β–Ό

Order & Ranking

  • Position from left + Position from right = Total + 1
  • If two persons swap positions, one position changes and the other stays β€” re-read carefully

Coded Inequality

  • Decode the symbols first (e.g., $ means β‰₯), then apply normal inequality rules
  • Watch for "either conclusion I or II": happens when combined they cover all cases
10
Input-Output
β–Ό

Approach

  • Identify the pattern from Step 0 β†’ Step 1 β†’ Step 2
  • Common patterns: words/numbers arranged in ascending/descending order alternately, word-number shuffle
  • Find the rule, then apply it to reach the target step
11
Data Sufficiency (Reasoning)
β–Ό

Options Framework

  • A: Statement I alone sufficient
  • B: Statement II alone sufficient
  • C: Both together sufficient
  • D: Either alone sufficient
  • E: Even together not sufficient
12
Decision Making
β–Ό

Tips

  • Read the given policy/rule carefully before evaluating the case
  • Apply conditions strictly β€” do not assume information not given
  • If borderline case β†’ use the "refer to higher authority" option
13
Alphanumeric Series & Alphabet Test
β–Ό

Key Concepts

  • Series may include letters, numbers and symbols β€” find repeating pattern
  • Count positions: EJOTY rule β€” E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25
  • Opposite letters: A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X … (sum of positions = 27)
14
Odd One Out
β–Ό

Categories

  • Based on: meaning, number of letters, vowel/consonant pattern, category (animals, capitals etc.)
  • Check multiple angles β€” the obvious grouping may be a distractor
πŸ“–

English Language

Grammar, Vocabulary, Reading & Verbal Ability
14 Chaptersβ–Ό
1
Parts of Speech & Tenses
β–Ό

Parts of Speech (8 Types)

  • Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection

Tenses Quick Reference

TenseForm
Simple PresentV1 / V1+s
Present Continuousis/am/are + V-ing
Present Perfecthas/have + V3
Simple PastV2
Past Perfecthad + V3
2
Subject-Verb Agreement
β–Ό

Key Rules

  • Singular subject β†’ singular verb (He runs)
  • "Either…or / Neither…nor": verb agrees with the nearer subject
  • Collective nouns (team, committee) take singular verb when acting as one unit
  • "Each", "every", "everyone" β†’ always singular
3
Articles & Prepositions
β–Ό

Articles

  • A β€” before consonant sound | An β€” before vowel sound
  • The β€” specific/known noun; superlatives; unique things (the Sun)
  • No article: proper nouns (generally), languages, meals, sports

Common Prepositions

  • at (point of time/place) | in (inside/month/year) | on (surface/day/date)
  • since (point of time) | for (duration) | by (not later than)
4
Active-Passive Voice & Direct-Indirect Speech
β–Ό

Active to Passive

  • Object of active β†’ Subject of passive
  • Verb: is/am/are/was/were/be/been/being + V3
  • Subject of active β†’ "by + object" (if mentioned)

Direct to Indirect

  • Remove quotation marks; use reporting verb + that/if/wh-word
  • Tense backshift: Present β†’ Past, Past β†’ Past Perfect
  • Pronouns change based on subject/object of reporting clause
5
Synonyms, Antonyms & Word Usage
β–Ό

Tips

  • Learn roots: "bene" (good), "mal" (bad), "dict" (say), "rupt" (break)
  • Context clues: use surrounding sentence to infer meaning
  • Eliminate: rule out options that are clearly opposite or unrelated
πŸ“Œ Build vocabulary from editorial sections of newspapers β€” target 10 new words daily
6
Idioms, Phrases & One Word Substitution
β–Ό

Common Idioms

  • Beat around the bush β€” avoid the main topic
  • Break the ice β€” initiate conversation
  • Cost an arm and a leg β€” very expensive
  • Bite the bullet β€” endure pain/difficulty

One Word Substitution

  • Omnivore β€” eats both plants and animals
  • Atheist β€” one who does not believe in God
  • Insolvent β€” unable to pay debts
  • Nemesis β€” one who inflicts just punishment
7
Reading Comprehension
β–Ό

Strategy

  • Read questions first, then skim passage for relevant paragraphs
  • Main idea questions β†’ check first and last paragraphs
  • Inference questions β†’ answer must be implied, not stated directly
  • Tone/attitude questions β†’ look for positive/negative/neutral language
βœ… Never bring outside knowledge β€” answer only from the passage
8
Cloze Test
β–Ό

Approach

  • Read the entire passage once for overall context before filling blanks
  • Check grammatical fit: noun/verb/adjective/adverb required?
  • Eliminate options that break the logical flow of the paragraph
9
Error Detection & Sentence Improvement
β–Ό

Common Error Areas

  • Subject-verb agreement
  • Wrong tense usage
  • Misuse of articles and prepositions
  • Dangling modifiers and parallelism errors
  • Double negatives
πŸ’‘ Read each part aloud mentally β€” your ear often catches errors faster than your eye
10
Para Jumbles
β–Ό

Strategy

  • Find the opening sentence: introduces topic, no pronoun reference back, no connective word
  • Find the closing sentence: concluding word (hence, thus, therefore), no further follow-up
  • Look for pronoun–noun pairs and connector words (however, moreover, therefore)
  • Use elimination to narrow down answer choices
11
Fill in the Blanks
β–Ό

Approach

  • Single blank: check grammar + meaning fit
  • Double blank: eliminate options where either word does not fit
  • Connector words (although, because, however) signal contrast or cause
🌍

General Awareness (Banking + Current Affairs)

Banking Awareness, Static GK & Current Affairs
17 Chaptersβ–Ό
1
History of Banking in India
β–Ό

Key Milestones

  • Bank of Hindustan (1770) β€” first bank in India
  • Imperial Bank of India (1921) β†’ became SBI in 1955
  • RBI established: 1 April 1935; Nationalised: 1949
  • Bank Nationalisation: 14 banks in 1969, 6 more in 1980
  • Liberalisation (1991): Private banks allowed β€” HDFC, ICICI, Axis
2
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Functions
β–Ό

Core Functions

  • Monetary authority β€” controls money supply and inflation
  • Banker to the Government β€” manages public debt, account of Centre & States
  • Banker's bank β€” lender of last resort to scheduled banks
  • Currency issuer β€” issues all notes except β‚Ή1 coin & note (Ministry of Finance)
  • Foreign exchange management β€” custodian of forex reserves
3
Monetary Policy
β–Ό

Key Monetary Policy Tools

ToolDefinitionEffect when ↑
Repo RateRate RBI lends to banksCredit costlier β†’ less borrowing
Reverse RepoRate banks park money with RBIBanks park more β†’ less credit
CRR% deposits kept with RBI (cash)Less money with banks β†’ credit contracts
SLR% deposits in govt securitiesBanks have less to lend
Bank RateLong-term lending rate by RBILong-term credit expensive
πŸ“Œ Repo Rate ↑ β†’ Borrowing cost ↑ β†’ Credit supply ↓ β†’ Inflation controlled
4
Types of Banks
β–Ό
  • Public Sector Banks: SBI, PNB, Bank of Baroda (Govt owns majority)
  • Private Sector Banks: HDFC, ICICI, Axis, Kotak
  • Foreign Banks: Citibank, HSBC, Deutsche Bank
  • Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): Serve rural areas; owned by Centre + State + Sponsor bank
  • Small Finance Banks: Serve unserved/underserved segments
  • Payment Banks: Accept deposits up to β‚Ή2 lakh; cannot issue loans
5
Financial Institutions
β–Ό
  • NABARD: Agriculture & rural development | HQ: Mumbai
  • SIDBI: Small Industries Development Bank | HQ: Lucknow
  • NHB: National Housing Bank | HQ: New Delhi
  • EXIM Bank: Export-Import financing | HQ: Mumbai
  • SEBI: Securities market regulator | HQ: Mumbai
  • IRDAI: Insurance regulator | HQ: Hyderabad
  • PFRDA: Pension fund regulator | HQ: New Delhi
6
Banking Terms (NPA, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate)
β–Ό
TermFull Form / Meaning
NPANon-Performing Asset β€” loan unpaid for 90+ days
NBFCNon-Banking Financial Company (e.g., LIC, Bajaj Finance)
KYCKnow Your Customer β€” mandatory identity verification
NEFTNational Electronic Funds Transfer β€” settled in batches
RTGSReal Time Gross Settlement β€” min β‚Ή2 lakh, real-time
IMPSImmediate Payment Service β€” 24Γ—7 including holidays
UPIUnified Payments Interface β€” instant mobile payment
SWIFTSociety for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
CIBILCredit score (300–900); 750+ is good
FDIForeign Direct Investment β€” equity stake in Indian company
7
Digital Banking
β–Ό
  • UPI: Unified Payments Interface β€” instant, 24Γ—7, mobile-based
  • BHIM: Bharat Interface for Money β€” NPCI app for UPI
  • NACH: National Automated Clearing House β€” bulk payments (salaries, pensions)
  • e-RUPI: Digital voucher by RBI; person & purpose-specific
  • CBDC: Central Bank Digital Currency β€” digital rupee by RBI
πŸ’‘ RTGS min = β‚Ή2 lakh | NEFT = no minimum | IMPS = 24Γ—7 | UPI = instant, free
8
Countries, Capitals & Currencies
β–Ό
CountryCapitalCurrency
USAWashington D.C.US Dollar
UKLondonPound Sterling
JapanTokyoYen
ChinaBeijingRenminbi (Yuan)
AustraliaCanberraAustralian Dollar
BrazilBrasΓ­liaReal
9
Important Days & Books & Authors
β–Ό

Important Days

  • Jan 30 β€” Martyrs Day | Mar 8 β€” International Women's Day
  • Apr 22 β€” Earth Day | Jun 5 β€” World Environment Day
  • Oct 2 β€” Gandhi Jayanti | Nov 14 β€” Children's Day

Books & Authors (Banking Context)

  • India's Turn β€” Manish Sabharwal
  • Fault Lines β€” Raghuram Rajan
  • An Era of Darkness β€” Shashi Tharoor
10
National Parks, Wildlife & HQs of Organizations
β–Ό

National Parks

  • Jim Corbett (Uttarakhand) β€” first national park | Tiger Reserve
  • Kaziranga (Assam) β€” one-horned rhinoceros
  • Sundarbans (West Bengal) β€” largest mangrove; Bengal Tiger

HQs of Key Organizations

  • IMF & World Bank β€” Washington D.C. | WTO β€” Geneva | ADB β€” Manila
  • AIIB β€” Beijing | NDB (BRICS Bank) β€” Shanghai
11
National & International Current Affairs
β–Ό

What to Track

  • Government schemes & their ministries
  • Union Budget highlights
  • Economic Survey key data
  • India's bilateral agreements & summits
  • New appointments (RBI Governor, Finance Minister, Cabinet changes)
πŸ“Œ Read one quality newspaper or follow a monthly current affairs digest β€” revise last 6 months before exam
12
Economy & Finance
β–Ό
  • GDP: Gross Domestic Product β€” total value of goods & services produced
  • GNP: GDP + Net factor income from abroad
  • Inflation: CPI (Consumer Price Index) β€” measured monthly by MoSPI
  • WPI: Wholesale Price Index β€” measures wholesale level price change
  • Fiscal Deficit: Excess of total expenditure over total receipts (excl. borrowings)
13
Awards & Honours
β–Ό
  • Bharat Ratna β€” Highest civilian honour | Padma Awards β€” Padma Vibhushan, Bhushan, Shri
  • Nobel Prize: Peace β€” Oslo; others β€” Stockholm; announced October each year
  • Booker Prize β€” English fiction | Man Booker International β€” translated fiction
  • Dadasaheb Phalke β€” Highest film honour in India
14
Sports News
β–Ό

What to Track

  • ICC Cricket tournament results & player awards
  • Olympic & Commonwealth Games β€” Indian medal winners
  • Grand Slam winners (Tennis) | FIFA World Cup host & winner
  • Arjuna, Dronacharya, Khel Ratna award winners
15
Appointments & Resignations
β–Ό

What to Track

  • RBI Governor, Deputy Governors
  • SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA Chairpersons
  • CEOs of major PSU banks (SBI, PNB, Canara)
  • New CMs, Governors of States
  • Heads of International Organizations (IMF MD, WB President, UN SG)
16
Government Schemes
β–Ό
SchemeFocusMinistry
PM Jan Dhan YojanaFinancial inclusion β€” zero balance accountsFinance
PMJJBYLife insurance β‚Ή2L coverFinance
PMSBYAccidental insurance β‚Ή2L coverFinance
Atal Pension YojanaPension for unorganized sectorFinance/PFRDA
Mudra YojanaLoans to micro enterprisesFinance
Startup IndiaPromote entrepreneurshipCommerce
πŸ’»

Computer Knowledge

Basics, Hardware, Networking & Applications
14 Chaptersβ–Ό
1
Fundamentals of Computers
β–Ό

Definition & Characteristics

  • Computer: Electronic device that accepts data, processes it and gives output
  • Key characteristics: Speed, Accuracy, Automation, Versatility, Storage, Diligence
  • IPO Cycle: Input β†’ Process β†’ Output

Number Systems

SystemBaseDigits
Binary20, 1
Octal80–7
Decimal100–9
Hexadecimal160–9, A–F
2
Generations of Computers & Types
β–Ό
GenerationTechnologyEra
1stVacuum Tubes1940s–50s
2ndTransistors1950s–60s
3rdIntegrated Circuits (ICs)1960s–70s
4thMicroprocessors (VLSI)1970s–present
5thArtificial IntelligencePresent & beyond

Types of Computers

  • Supercomputer (most powerful) | Mainframe | Minicomputer | Microcomputer (PC)
3
Input & Output Devices
β–Ό

Input Devices

  • Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, Touchscreen, Joystick, Barcode Reader, OMR, OCR

Output Devices

  • Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector, Plotter
πŸ“Œ Touchscreen is BOTH input and output (I/O device)
4
Memory (RAM, ROM, Cache)
β–Ό
TypeFull FormNature
RAMRandom Access MemoryVolatile (lost on power off)
ROMRead Only MemoryNon-volatile; stores BIOS
Cacheβ€”Fastest; between CPU and RAM
HDDHard Disk DriveSecondary storage; non-volatile
SSDSolid State DriveFaster than HDD; non-volatile
βœ… Memory hierarchy (fastest to slowest): Registers β†’ Cache β†’ RAM β†’ SSD/HDD β†’ Cloud
5
Operating System
β–Ό

Functions

  • Interface between user and hardware
  • Process management, Memory management, File management, Device management

Types

  • Single-user (Windows), Multi-user (Linux/Unix), Real-time OS (RTOS), Batch OS, Distributed OS
πŸ’‘ Popular OS: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android (mobile), iOS
6
Internet Basics
β–Ό

Key Terms

  • WWW: World Wide Web β€” system of interlinked web pages
  • HTTP/HTTPS: Protocol for web communication; S = Secure (SSL/TLS)
  • IP Address: Unique numerical label for each device (IPv4 = 32-bit, IPv6 = 128-bit)
  • URL: Uniform Resource Locator β€” web address
  • Browser: Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari
7
Networking Concepts
β–Ό
TermFull Form / Meaning
LANLocal Area Network β€” small area (office, building)
WANWide Area Network β€” large geographic area; Internet is largest WAN
MANMetropolitan Area Network β€” city-level
RouterConnects different networks; assigns IP addresses
SwitchConnects devices within same network
ModemModulator-Demodulator β€” converts digital ↔ analog
DNSDomain Name System β€” maps domain name to IP address
8
Cyber Security
β–Ό

Common Threats

  • Virus: Self-replicating malicious program
  • Worm: Spreads across networks without user action
  • Trojan: Disguises as legitimate software
  • Phishing: Fraudulent attempt to steal credentials via fake email/site
  • Ransomware: Encrypts data; demands ransom
  • Firewall: Security system that monitors/controls network traffic
πŸ’‘ CERT-In (Computer Emergency Response Team β€” India) handles cyber incidents in India
9
MS Word
β–Ό

Key Shortcuts

ShortcutAction
Ctrl+SSave
Ctrl+Z / Ctrl+YUndo / Redo
Ctrl+B / I / UBold / Italic / Underline
Ctrl+FFind
Ctrl+HFind & Replace
Ctrl+PPrint
πŸ“Œ Default file extension: .docx | Mail merge used to send bulk personalized letters
10
MS Excel
β–Ό

Key Functions

  • =SUM(A1:A10) | =AVERAGE(B1:B5) | =MAX() | =MIN() | =COUNT()
  • =IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)
  • =VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index, [range_lookup])

Key Facts

  • Max rows: 1,048,576 | Max columns: 16,384 (XFD)
  • Default extension: .xlsx | Charts: Bar, Pie, Line, Column
11
MS PowerPoint & Shortcuts
β–Ό

PowerPoint Basics

  • Default extension: .pptx | Presentation = collection of slides
  • Views: Normal, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Reading View, Slide Show
  • F5 = Start slide show | Shift+F5 = Start from current slide

Common Shortcuts (All MS Office)

  • Ctrl+C / V / X β€” Copy / Paste / Cut
  • Ctrl+A β€” Select All | Ctrl+N β€” New | Ctrl+O β€” Open
  • Alt+F4 β€” Close application | F12 β€” Save As
12
Database Basics
β–Ό

Key Terms

  • DBMS: Database Management System β€” software to manage databases (MySQL, Oracle)
  • Table: Data organized in rows (records) and columns (fields)
  • Primary Key: Unique identifier for each record
  • Foreign Key: Links two tables together
  • SQL: Structured Query Language β€” SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
13
Cloud Computing
β–Ό

Service Models

  • IaaS β€” Infrastructure as a Service (e.g., AWS EC2)
  • PaaS β€” Platform as a Service (e.g., Google App Engine)
  • SaaS β€” Software as a Service (e.g., Gmail, Salesforce)

Deployment Models

  • Public Cloud (shared) | Private Cloud (dedicated) | Hybrid Cloud (mixed)
βœ… Key cloud providers: AWS (Amazon), Azure (Microsoft), GCP (Google)
14
Artificial Intelligence (Basics)
β–Ό

Key Concepts

  • AI: Machines simulating human intelligence β€” reasoning, learning, problem-solving
  • Machine Learning (ML): AI subset where systems learn from data
  • Deep Learning: ML subset using neural networks with many layers
  • NLP: Natural Language Processing β€” AI understanding human language (e.g., chatbots)
  • Robotics: AI applied to physical machines
πŸ“Œ Turing Test: determines if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human